Ford EcoBoost petrol engines with direct fuel injection and turbocharging. The technology allows the three-liter Ford V6 engine power figures demonstrate the level of six-liter V8, and fuel consumption with 15% less. Photo: Dillon Bryden / FORD.
At the turn of the centuries - past and present - technical progress in the automotive industry has slowed down considerably. Of course, the cars become smarter, acquire the means of security and learn to build relationships with the environment. As for the engine, the engineers from the engine- no one demands the impossible - just more power and less fuel consumption. Individually, it's easy, but I would like to get it all at once, and cheaper.
The last century.
At the end of the XIX century, engineers have been thinking about how to improve the capacity of the car and save on fuel. Engine power is greater, the more gasoline burned in a single cycle. You can add, for example, increasing the engine capacity. But you can not increase the volume and density, but at the same time increase the pressure, and hence the piston will not be able to suck fuel mixture itself, it should be something there to deliver - for example, through the efforts of the heated exhaust gases.
Germans Gottlieb Daimler (Gottlieb Daimler, 1834-1900) and Rudolf Diesel (Rudolf Diesel, 1858-1913) experimented with compression of the combustible mixture and found that increasing the air pressure before mixing it with fuel combustion greatly increases the degree of the latter and thus leads to an increase in . But the patent for the principle of turbocharging for the first time granted the U.S. Patent Office, and received his Swiss engineer Alfred Buchi (Alfred J. Büchi) in 1911. He was the first successfully carried out injection pressure in automotive engines with exhaust gas, while increasing engine power by 40%.
The first ... The pioneers of passenger cars equipped with turbines were Chevrolet Corvair Monza and Oldsmobile Jetfire, published in the American market only in 1962-1963. Despite the obvious technical advantages of turbocharging in passenger cars clearly manifested its main drawbacks, which will be discussed below. For a long time, it was unclear how to deal with them.
Another significant event in the history of turbocharging occurred with Mercedes-Benz 300 SD in 1977 - the first car equipped with a diesel turbo engine. Later, with one ...
Car Mercedes-Benz 300 SD turbo diesel 1977 release of the Germans was created exclusively for export to the U.S. and Canada - there is just very fond of the big and powerful cars. Photo: Daimler AG.
Fundamentals of cheating.
The method is based on the use of turbo power that was already in use - Exhaust. Leaving the engine, they fall to the turbine wheel, and then transmits the energy of compressor wheel which compresses the air and pushes it into the engine. And to the air in the cylinders fit more, use an intercooler - a sort of radiator, which cools the incoming air, which again can increase the density at the same pressure.
Despite the fact that the direct connection between the turbine and the engine crankshaft is not, the effectiveness of the system depends on the number of engine revolutions. The higher the frequency of crankshaft rotation, the more exhaust gases, and the faster they move. Accordingly, the turbine spins more and more compressed air before it enters the engine cylinders.
In turbocharging has disadvantages, the main one being, perhaps, - a noticeable lag increase the power by pressing the gas pedal. This effect is called ... It is precisely because of the lack of direct communication between the turbine and the crankshaft. The driver hits the gas, but the engine power grows only when the exhaust gases to a sufficient degree of untwist the turbine wheel. And then it should be an effort to promote the compressor wheel. In fact, the delay in response to an increase in the fuel supply is at any machine. But for a passenger - it is a critical indicator of. In trucks with him can be tolerated. Therefore, trucks, equipped with turbines, has already made in the 30s, but with cars pulling up to 70.
Engine with a turbocharger can reach up to 40% more power than without. Naturally, the turbo engines are also more economical. The already low efficiency of the internal combustion engine further falls in small engines, because per unit of volume is too large external surface area and heat dissipation is an additional. Therefore, the compact engine is especially effective turbirovanie.
In 2006 at the Geneva Motor Show, Porsche unveiled a new top model number 911 - Porsche Turbo 911. 480 horsepower at 6000 rev / min. It's about 60 more strength than the previous version. Cars equipped with a supercharged engine with variable geometry. Illustration: Dr. Ing. h. c. F. Porsche AG.
changeable geometry.
One of the first production car, which was able to successfully cope with turboyamoy, was racing a Porsche 911 Turbo. It appeared the system with a variable geometry turbocharger (VTG, Variable Turbine Geometry). Its design feature was that the special mobile guides ... Thanks to the turbine wheel to rotate faster than before, as the number grows and the speed of the exhaust gas.
A mechanism changes the angle of attack of the ten ( exactly as in the engine of Porsche) guides. This mode is particularly relevant in the turbocharger area of low speed motor - the engine is more responsive and high-torque. And when the engine goes to a high turnover, ... Now, the flow reaching the turbine impeller, ...
Typically, the small size of the turbocharger increases engine torque at relatively low speeds, and a large turbine - in the area of higher speed. A system of VGT allowed to stretch the horizontal ... And the moment the six-cylinder 3.6 liter engine more than impressive - 620 N? M.
Turbocharged direct injection.
Such a tandem - turbocharger with direct injection - are actively using the company Audi ( technology TFSI) and Ford (EcoBoost). Compared with conventional atmospheric engine V6, four-cylinder Audi 2,0 TFSI direct injection and turbocharging, which has the same dynamic performance, consumes 10-15% less fuel.
By combining turbocharging and direct fuel injection, engineers have increased capacity and improved dynamic performance while reducing fuel consumption. The technology of direct injection and turbocharging are perfectly combined due to the fact that the evaporation of fuel inside the combustion chamber takes heat from the intake air. This improves compression, greatly improving the efficiency of the engine, and to solve another problem of turbo engines - increased propensity for detonation at high boost pressure levels.
Exhaust manifold with integrated turbocharger provides high efficiency of the turbine through the use of exhaust gas energy. This is both possible and increase the capacity of the ceiling, to improve the responsiveness engine, reduce fuel consumption and reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere.
Two are better than one.
Deal effectively with the help turboyamoy scheme with sequential supercharging when at low revs the engine running a small turbo, responsible for the ... In XX century, this kind of boost used on the Porsche 959, and today it is struggling with a ...
TwinPower Turbo engine with a dual- boost Twin Scroll Twin Turbo and the BMW patented common exhaust manifold of special design. The two turbochargers are located together with the catalyst in the V- shaped space between the rows of cylinders, which can accommodate inlet and outlet channels so that their length is reduced by both a larger cross-section. This considerably reduces the pressure loss on the side of the exhaust. Photo: BMW AG.
This year, new turbochargers were announced by the companies BMW and Opel. They used steam turbines of various sizes and performance. One, a small turbine, has a quick response and to add power at low engine speeds (up to 1800 rev / min. ). In the mid-range (up to 3000 rev / min. ) Connects the second, a large turbine, which works on its own at high speeds.
On -line engines often use a single turbo with dual working apparatus. But more frequently the same pair of turbochargers, serving a single group of parallel cylinders. This pattern is typical of V- turbo engine, where each block of a supercharger.
supercharged future.
There is a tradition in the automotive world - each year to choose the best engine, developed over the last 365 days. The last two years the Grand Prix in this competition gets a 1.4-liter engine from the Volkswagen TSI Twincharger. The comparatively small volume engine is equipped with two compressors, which displays its power to the level of 2.0-2.4 liter air (ie, non- turbo or compressor ) engines. A small amount of 1,4 TSI engine can produce 140 to 170 l. with.
However, this is not the only ... In various different categories won five supercharged engine production VW, BMW and FIAT. Among the nominees of the atmospheric engine at times less than those which used compressors and turbochargers.
Nevertheless, some kind of sensation was the recognition of the best new product, the motor of a Fiat. 4 MultiAir Turbo, which are equipped with Alfa Romeo MiTo and Giulietta. He walked around the 4.5 -liter V8 from the Ferrari 458 Italia and has a compact turbine German auto giant Volkswagen: the volume of 1,2 TSI. Oddly enough, this small- engine ( power ranging from 86 to 105 l. with. ) To easily set in motion a rather big Skoda Octavia and Yeti, as well as the Volkswagen Golf.
And the most compact engine - nominated supercharged 1.0-liter has 85- strong unit of production Mitsubishi, mounted on the Smart Fortwo.
New Beijing Auto Show 2010 - Concept Ford Start. The car was an economical one-liter three-cylinder EcoBoost engine with emissions below 100 g / km. Features of this engine are comparable with aspirated 1.6 -liter ... The unit is paired with a six-speed manual transmission. Photo: Ford Motor Company.
Perhaps, the tandem of ... In small volume combustion chambers is difficult to spend a lot of fuel, but at the same time, turbocharging ensures an increase in power and torque, enough for the dynamic movement of a small middle-class sedans, small SUVs and even kompaktven. In addition, the reduction in fuel consumption and reduced emission responds to the atmosphere, which is especially pleased with the Europeans, who have to pay higher fees to the environment unfriendly cars.
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